GOOD-QUALITY silage is a valuable asset for farmers, but getting it right requires care and attention to both the clamp and ensiling process.

If biological processes in the clamp go wrong, this can result in average losses of 20-25 per cent – something visitors to the Grassland & Muck Event can learn to avoid at new ensiling talks this year.

Will Wilson, business development manager at Bock UK, said clamp design is key to both silage quality and ease of ensiling, but often clamps are too wide, too long and overfilled. He recommends installing sloping walls to improve compaction against the panel.

Clamp dimensions also play an important role, as a wider clamp presents a large silage face. "The face is the second highest cause of waste in the clamp, so should be as small as possible," he said. Face size should be determined by the speed of emptying, but the face should move back at least 2m a week.

"It is also advisable to consider the clamp situation – make sure it is easily accessible to feed cattle and has no back wall so it can be expanded – always keep the future in mind," said Mr Wilson.

Clamps should point away from the prevailing wind and can be situated above ground. However, clamps below ground have the advantage of trapping carbon dioxide, reducing aerobic spoilage.

The ensiling process is just as vital. Achieving the correct density in the clamp is important and requires thin layers of no more than 15cm, says Dr Dave Davies, who will speak on behalf of Volac.

"The target is 700kg of fresh matter per cubic metre, which, depending on the silage dry matter, is approximately equivalent to 220kg of dry matter per cubic metre," he said.

When harvesting grass the chop length should be adjusted according to its dry matter – a longer chop with high dry matter will not produce the right density and will be too bouncy.

If grass is above 30 per cent dry matter, chop to 1.5-2.5cm; if it is 20-30 per cent dry matter, chop to 2.5-5cm and if it is less than 20 per cent, increase the chop to 10cm to prevent clamp slippage.

Aerobic spoilage can cause losses of up to 25 per cent in the clamp, and most problems at feeding are because the clamp was filled incorrectly and at the wrong density. The use of additives can protect against aerobic losses, but the choice can be confusing, he warned.

"When selecting additives, look at advice from AHDB and ask if there have been independent trials to prove the benefits to livestock."

Dr Davies said the denser the silage is filled into the clamp, the quicker the oxygen is removed, but if the clamp is then not sealed properly, oxygen can get back in. "Side sheets are absolutely essential, with an oxygen barrier film on top, followed by the standard black polythene sheet."

There also needs to be enough weight on top of the sheet, to ensure the top of the silage remains dense and to reduce aerobic spoilage if the seal is damaged.

"The best way to seal the clamp is to put gravel bags all around the edge of the wall and on the ramp and front. A lot of farmers use tyres but they leave gaps. Sealing the ramp is very important and many farmers do not pay enough attention to it."